Directions:
   Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.
   Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that' s not how it used to be. To the men and women who  (1)   in World War Ⅱ and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the  (2)   man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who  (3)   all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the  (4)   of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid,  (5)   an average guy, up  (6)   the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.
   His name isn' t much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation  (7)   Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles  (8)   to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never  (9)   it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac... a working class name. The United States has  (10)   had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.
   G. I. Joe had a  (11)   career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a  (12)   of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle  (13)   portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the  (14)   side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were  (15)   or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports  (16)   the "Willie" cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maul den. Both men  (17)   the dirt and exhaustion of war, the  (18)   of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.  (19)   Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier,  (20)   the most important person in their lives.

第（1 ) 题应选

[A] served     

[B] performed      

[C] rebelled     

[D] betrayed

第（2 ) 题应选

[A] actual       

[B] common     

[C] special       

[D] normal

第（3 ) 题应选

[A] loaded     

[B] eased        

[C] removed     

[D] bore

第（4 ) 题应选

[A] necessities   

[B] facilities       

[C] commodities   

[D] properties

第（5 ) 题应选

[A] and       

[B] nor         

[C] but        

[D] hence

第（6 ) 题应选

[A] for        

[B] into          

[C] from        

[D] against

第（7 ) 题应选

[A] implying    

[B] meaning       

[C] symbolizing   

[D] claiming

第（8 ) 题应选

[A] handed out  

[B] turned over    

[C] brought back  

[D] passed down

第（9 ) 题应选

[A] pushed     

[B] got          

[C] made       

[D] managed

第（10 ) 题应选

[A] ever      

[B] never        

[C] either       

[D] neither

第（11 ) 题应选

[A] disguised   

[B] disturbed      

[C] disputed     

[D] distinguished

第（12 ) 题应选

[A] company   

[B] community     

[C] collection    

[D] colony

第（13 ) 题应选

[A] employed   

[B] appointed      

[C] interviewed   

[D] questioned

第（14 ) 题应选

[A] human    

[B] military       

[C] political     

[D] ethical

第（15 ) 题应选

[A] ruined     

[B] commuted     

[C] patrolled     

[D] gained

第（16 ) 题应选

[A] paralleled   

[B] counteracted    

[C] duplicated    

[D] contradicted

第（17 ) 题应选

[A] neglected   

[B] emphasized    

[C] avoided     

[D] admired

第（18 ) 题应选

[A] stages     

[B] illusions      

[C] fragments    

[D] advances

第（19 ) 题应选

[A] With     

[B] To          

[C] Among      

[D] Beyond

第（20 ) 题应选

[A] on the contrary   

[B] by this means   

[C] from the outset   

[D] at that point

 Part B
   Directions:
   Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
   "Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here," wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.
   Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.
   From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus--On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and  rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.
   Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist' s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working, and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit," wrote Smiles," what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself. "His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.
   This was all a hit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.
   Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. "The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles," wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:" It is man, real, living man who does all that. "And history should he the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: "Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past. "
   This was the tradition which revolutionised our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding--from gender to race to cultural studies -- were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

Petrarch

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

Niccolo Machiavelli

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

Samuel Smiles

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

 Thomas Carlyle

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

Marx and Engels

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.
[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.
[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.
[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.
[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.
[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.
[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers.

 The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.
   No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.
   But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U. S. , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.
   Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them-- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.
   In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society' s character. In many respects, the U. S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.

By saying "to find silver linings" ( Para. 2) the author suggests that the jobless try to ______.

[A] seek subsidies from the government
[B] make profits from the troubled economy
[C] explore reasons for the unemployment
[D] look on the bright side of the recession

 According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people ______.

[A] struggle against each other          

[B] realize the national dream
[C] challenge their prudence             

[D] reconsider their lifestyle

Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recessions may ______.

[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants
[B] bring out more evils of human nature
[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms
[D] ease .conflicts between races and classes

 The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in the recession graduates from elite universities tend to ______.

[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities
[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees
[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others'
[D] recover more quickly than the others

The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is ______.

[A] trivial      

[B] positive  
[C] certain      

[D] destructive

 In 2010, a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades--by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were  violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a "preliminary step" in a longer battle.
   On July 29th they wererelieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman' s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.
   But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad ease itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents'  monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad' s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule "is no less a product of nature." than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. "
   Despite the appeals court' s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genomeviolates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.
   As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules--most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug' s efficacy" Companies are eager to win patents for "connecting the dots," explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.
   Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

 It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like ______.

[A] genes to be patentable                

[B] the BIO to issue a warning
[C] their executives to be active         

[D] judges to rule out gene patenting

Those who are against gene patents believe that ______.

[A] genetic tests are not reliable
[B] only man-made products are patentable
[C] patents on genes depend much on innovation
[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests

According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for ______.

[A] discovering gene interactions        

[B] establishing disease correlations
[C] drawing pictures of genes            

[D] identifying human DNA

By saying" Each meeting was packed" (Para. 6), the author means that ______.

[A] the supreme court was authoritative
[B] the BIO was a powerful organisation
[C] gene patenting was a great concern
[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions

Generally speaking, the author' s attitude toward gene patenting is ______.

[A] critical     

[B] supportive  
[C] scornful     

[D] objective

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls' identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.
   Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletli, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What' s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated will, strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.
   I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children' s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothiug manufacturers in the 1930s.
   Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping slime" between infant wear and older kids' clothes. It was only after "toddler" became a common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences--or invent them where they did not previously exist.

By saying "it is... the rainbow" (Para. 1), the author means pink ______.

[A] cannot explain girls' lack of imagination
[B] should not be associated with girls' innocence
[C] should not be the sole representation of girlhood
[D] cannot influence girls' lives and interests

According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?

[A] Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.
[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.
[C] White is preferred by babies.
[D] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.

The author suggests that our perception of children' s psychological development was much influenced by ______.

[A] the observation of children's nature
[B] the marketing of products for children
[C] researches into children's behaviour
[D] studies of childhood consumption

We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to ______.

[A] classify consumers into smaller groups
[B] attach equal importance to different genders
[C] focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes
[D] create some common shoppers' terms

It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to he ______.

[A] fully understood by clothing manufacturers
[B] clearly explained by their inborn tendency
[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen
[D] well interpreted by psychological experts